Icon LinkSparse Merkle Tree Test Specifications

Icon LinkVersion

0.1.1

Last updated 2022/07/11

Icon LinkAbstract

This document outlines a test suite specification that can be used to verify the correctness of a Sparse Merkle Tree's outputs. The scope of this document covers only Sparse Merkle Tree (SMT) implementations that are compliant with Celestia Sparse Merkle Tree Specification Icon Link. The goal of this document is to equip SMT library developers with a supplemental indicator of correctness. Libraries implementing an SMT can additionally implement this test suite specification in the code base's native language. Passing all tests in the concrete test suite is an indication of correctness and consistency with the reference specification; however, it is not an absolute guarantee.

The tests described in this document are designed to test features common to most Sparse Merkle Tree implementations. Test specifications are agnostic of the implementation details or language, and therefore take a black-box testing approach. A test specification may provide an example of what a compliant test may look like in the form of pseudocode.

A test specification follows the format:

• Test name
• Test description
• Test inputs
• Test outputs
• Example pseudocode

For a concrete test to comply with its corresponding test specification, the System Under Test (SUT) must take in the prescribed inputs. When the SUT produces the prescribed outputs, the test passes. When the SUT produces any result or error that is not prescribed by the specification, the test fails. For a library to comply with the complete specification described herein, it must implement all test specifications, and each test must pass.

All test specifications assume that the Merkle Tree implementation under test uses the SHA-2-256 hashing algorithm as defined in FIPS PUB 180-4 Icon Link to produce its outputs. The following test cases stipulate a theoretical function Sum(N) that takes in a big endian data slice N and returns the 32 byte SHA-256 hash of N.

Icon LinkRoot Signature Tests

1. Test Empty Root
2. Test Update 1
3. Test Update 2
4. Test Update 3
5. Test Update 5
6. Test Update 10
7. Test Update 100
8. Test Update With Repeated Inputs
9. Test Update Overwrite Key
10. Test Update Union
11. Test Update Sparse Union
12. Test Update With Empty Data
13. Test Update With Empty Data Performs Delete
14. Test Update 1 Delete 1
15. Test Update 2 Delete 1
16. Test Update 10 Delete 5
17. Test Delete Non-existent Key
18. Test Interleaved Update Delete
19. Test Delete Sparse Union

Icon LinkTest Empty Root

Description:

Tests the default root given no update or delete operations. The input set is described by S = {Ø}.

Inputs:

No inputs.

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Example pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update 1

Description:

Tests the root after performing a single update call with the specified input.

Inputs:

1. Update the empty tree with (K, D) where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) (32 bytes) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x39f36a7cb4dfb1b46f03d044265df6a491dffc1034121bc1071a34ddce9bb14b

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"DATA")
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '39f36a7cb4dfb1b46f03d044265df6a491dffc1034121bc1071a34ddce9bb14b'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update 2

Description:

Tests the root after performing two update calls with the specified inputs.

Inputs:

1. Update the empty tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. Update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(1u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x8d0ae412ca9ca0afcb3217af8bcd5a673e798bd6fd1dfacad17711e883f494cb

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"DATA")
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x01"), b"DATA")
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '8d0ae412ca9ca0afcb3217af8bcd5a673e798bd6fd1dfacad17711e883f494cb'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update 3

Description:

Tests the root after performing three update calls with the specified inputs.

Inputs:

1. Update the empty tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. Update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(1u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
3. Update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(2u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x52295e42d8de2505fdc0cc825ff9fead419cbcf540d8b30c7c4b9c9b94c268b7

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"DATA")
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x01"), b"DATA")
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x02"), b"DATA")
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '52295e42d8de2505fdc0cc825ff9fead419cbcf540d8b30c7c4b9c9b94c268b7'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update 5

Description:

Tests the root after performing five update calls with the specified inputs.

Inputs:

1. Update the empty tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. Update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(1u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
3. Update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(2u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
4. Update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(3u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
5. Update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(4u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x108f731f2414e33ae57e584dc26bd276db07874436b2264ca6e520c658185c6b

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
for i in 0..5 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '108f731f2414e33ae57e584dc26bd276db07874436b2264ca6e520c658185c6b'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update 10

Description:

Tests the root after performing 10 update calls with the specified inputs.

Inputs:

1. For each i in 0..10, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x21ca4917e99da99a61de93deaf88c400d4c082991cb95779e444d43dd13e8849

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
for i in 0..10 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '21ca4917e99da99a61de93deaf88c400d4c082991cb95779e444d43dd13e8849'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update 100

Description:

Tests the root after performing 100 update calls with the specified inputs.

Inputs:

1. For each i in 0..100, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x82bf747d455a55e2f7044a03536fc43f1f55d43b855e72c0110c986707a23e4d

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
for i in 0..100 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '82bf747d455a55e2f7044a03536fc43f1f55d43b855e72c0110c986707a23e4d'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update With Repeated Inputs

Description:

Tests the root after performing two update calls with the same inputs. The resulting input set is described by S = {A} U {A} = {A}, where {A} is the input. This test expects a root signature identical to that produced by Test Update 1 .

Inputs:

1. Update the empty tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. Update the tree again with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x39f36a7cb4dfb1b46f03d044265df6a491dffc1034121bc1071a34ddce9bb14b

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"DATA")
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"DATA")
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '39f36a7cb4dfb1b46f03d044265df6a491dffc1034121bc1071a34ddce9bb14b'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update Overwrite Key

Description:

Tests the root after performing two update calls with the same leaf keys but different leaf data. The second update call is expected to overwrite the data originally written by the first update call.

Inputs:

1. Update the empty tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. Update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and leaf data D = b"CHANGE" (bytes, UTF-8)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0xdd97174c80e5e5aa3a31c61b05e279c1495c8a07b2a08bca5dbc9fb9774f9457

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"DATA")
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"CHANGE")
root = smt.root()
expected_root = 'dd97174c80e5e5aa3a31c61b05e279c1495c8a07b2a08bca5dbc9fb9774f9457'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update Union

Description:

Tests the root after performing update calls with discontinuous sets of inputs. The resulting input set is described by S = [0..5) U [10..15) U [20..25).

Inputs:

1. For each i in 0..5, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. For each i in 10..15, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
3. For each i in 20..25, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x7e6643325042cfe0fc76626c043b97062af51c7e9fc56665f12b479034bce326

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
for i in 0..5 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
for i in 10..15 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
for i in 20..25 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '7e6643325042cfe0fc76626c043b97062af51c7e9fc56665f12b479034bce326'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update Sparse Union

Description:

Tests the root after performing update calls with discontinuous sets of inputs. The resulting input set is described by S = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8].

Inputs:

1. For each i in 0..5, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i * 2) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0xe912e97abc67707b2e6027338292943b53d01a7fbd7b244674128c7e468dd696

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
for i in 0..5 {
    key = &(i as u32 * 2).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
root = smt.root()
expected_root = 'e912e97abc67707b2e6027338292943b53d01a7fbd7b244674128c7e468dd696'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update With Empty Data

Description:

Tests the root after performing one update call with empty data. Updating the empty tree with empty data does not change the root, and the expected root remains the default root. The resulting input set is described by S = {Ø} U {Ø} = {Ø}. This test expects a root signature identical to that produced by Test Empty Root .

Inputs:

1. Update the empty tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and empty leaf data D = b"" (0 bytes)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"")
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update With Empty Data Performs Delete

Description:

Tests the root after performing one update call with arbitrary data followed by a second update call on the same key with empty data. Updating a key with empty data is equivalent to calling delete. By deleting the only key, we have an empty tree and expect to arrive at the default root. The resulting input set is described by S = {0} - {0} = {Ø}. This test expects a root signature identical to that produced by Test Empty Root .

Inputs:

1. Update the empty tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. Update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and empty leaf data D = b"" (0 bytes)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"DATA")
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"")
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update 1 Delete 1

Description:

Tests the root after performing one update call followed by a subsequent delete call on the same key. By deleting the only key, we have an empty tree and expect to arrive at the default root. The resulting input set is described by S = {0} - {0} = {Ø}. This test expects a root signature identical to that produced by Test Empty Root .

Inputs:

1. Update the empty tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. Delete (K) from the tree, where leaf key K = Sum(0u32)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"DATA")
smt.delete(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"))
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update 2 Delete 1

Description:

Tests the root after performing two update calls followed by a subsequent delete call on the first key. By deleting the second key, we have a tree with only one key remaining, equivalent to a single update. This test expects a root signature identical to that produced by Test Update 1 .

Inputs:

1. Update the empty tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(0u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. Update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(1u32) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
3. Delete (K) from the tree, where leaf key K = Sum(1u32)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x39f36a7cb4dfb1b46f03d044265df6a491dffc1034121bc1071a34ddce9bb14b

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"), b"DATA")
smt.update(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x01"), b"DATA")
smt.delete(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x00\x01"))
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '39f36a7cb4dfb1b46f03d044265df6a491dffc1034121bc1071a34ddce9bb14b'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Update 10 Delete 5

Description:

Tests the root after performing 10 update calls followed by 5 subsequent delete calls on the latter keys. By deleting the last five keys, we have a tree with the first five keys remaining, equivalent to five updates. This test expects a root signature identical to that produced by Test Update 5 .

Inputs:

1. For each i in 0..10, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. For each i in 5..10, delete (K) from the tree, where leaf key K = Sum(i)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x108f731f2414e33ae57e584dc26bd276db07874436b2264ca6e520c658185c6b

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
for i in 0..10 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
for i in 5..10 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    smt.delete(&sum(key))
}
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '108f731f2414e33ae57e584dc26bd276db07874436b2264ca6e520c658185c6b'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Delete Non-existent Key

Description:

Tests the root after performing five update calls followed by a subsequent delete on a key that is not present in the input set. This test expects a root signature identical to that produced by Test Update 5 .

Inputs:

1. For each i in 0..5, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. Delete (K) from the tree, where leaf key K = Sum(1024u32)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x108f731f2414e33ae57e584dc26bd276db07874436b2264ca6e520c658185c6b

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
for i in 0..5 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
smt.delete(&sum(b"\x00\x00\x04\x00"))

root = smt.root()
expected_root = '108f731f2414e33ae57e584dc26bd276db07874436b2264ca6e520c658185c6b'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Interleaved Update Delete

Description:

Tests the root after performing a series of interleaved update and delete calls. The resulting input set is described by [0..5) U [10..15) U [20..25). This test demonstrates the inverse relationship between operations update and delete. This test expects a root signature identical to that produced by Test Update Union .

Inputs:

1. For each i in 0..10, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. For each i in 5..15, delete (K) from the tree, where leaf key K = Sum(i) from the tree
3. For each i in 10..20, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
4. For each i in 15..25, delete (K) from the tree, where leaf key K = Sum(i) from the tree
5. For each i in 20..30, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
6. For each i in 25..35, delete (K) from the tree, where leaf key K = Sum(i) from the tree

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0x7e6643325042cfe0fc76626c043b97062af51c7e9fc56665f12b479034bce326

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
for i in 0..10 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
for i in 5..15 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    smt.delete(&sum(key))
}
for i in 10..20 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
for i in 15..25 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    smt.delete(&sum(key))
}
for i in 20..30 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
for i in 25..35 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    smt.delete(&sum(key))
}
root = smt.root()
expected_root = '7e6643325042cfe0fc76626c043b97062af51c7e9fc56665f12b479034bce326'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal

Icon LinkTest Delete Sparse Union

Description:

Tests the root after performing delete calls with discontinuous sets of inputs. The resulting input set is described by S = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] - [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]. This test expects a root signature identical to that produced by Test Update Sparse Union .

Inputs:

1. For each i in 0..10, update the tree with (K, D), where leaf key K = Sum(i) and leaf data D = b"DATA" (bytes, UTF-8)
2. For each i in 0..5, delete (K) from the tree, where leaf key K = Sum(i * 2 + 1)

Outputs:

• The expected root signature: 0xe912e97abc67707b2e6027338292943b53d01a7fbd7b244674128c7e468dd696

Example Pseudocode:

smt = SparseMerkleTree.new(Storage.new(), sha256.new())
for i in 0..10 {
    key = &(i as u32).to_big_endian_bytes()
    data = b"DATA"
    smt.update(&sum(key), data)
}
for i in 0..5 {
    key = &(i as u32 * 2 + 1).to_big_endian_bytes()
    smt.delete(&sum(key))
}
root = smt.root()
expected_root = 'e912e97abc67707b2e6027338292943b53d01a7fbd7b244674128c7e468dd696'
expect(hex_encode(root), expected_root).to_be_equal